Thursday, January 30, 2020
The Personal Analytical Paper Essay Example for Free
The Personal Analytical Paper Essay Often times, I find myself sitting alone, reading a book or enjoying a cup of coffee. Sometimes I could sit for hours in a coffee shop just by myself. I contemplate on the things that are going on in my life. I think of the issues and problems that are bothering me. I try to sort out the many things that trouble me.            I cannot help but question myself, why do I prefer to keep my problems to myself? Why do I choose not to open up to other people? My best friend has asked me this question several times. Why can’t I let others in?            As I try to figure out the answer to my question, I begin to analyze the other facets of myself. Am I anti-social? Am I a loner? Can I not mingle with other people? If I answer yes to any of these questions then I need not explore any further for they would explain why I prefer to keep things to myself. However, I cannot say that I am completely anti-social. I cannot say that I am a loner nor can I say that I do not mingle with other s for I do. I go out; I socialize and have fun but when it comes to personal matters, particularly personal struggles and problems, I tend not to open up to anyone.            Other people would call their closest friends at times of trouble. Others would seek help or simply look for a comforting shoulder or an ear willing to listen. I myself have friends who would call me and tell me their issues no matter how big or small. They would open up about the simplest problems to the most complicated ones. I listen and offer my shoulder so why do I not seek out the same things when I have the same problems? It is not that I do not have anyone to turn to for I believe I have sincere and true friends around. It is not that I think my friends would not understand for I know that they are more than capable of helping me analyze the situation.            So why can’t I open up to them? Why do I prefer to sit with a book or a cup of coffee to sort out my problems? As I figure out the answers to these questions over a cup of dark roast coffee, as I usually do, I realize that it is just my nature to handle things on my own.            Since I was young, my parents have raised me to become independent. They tried to instill in me the value of knowing what I can do and doing it. They taught me that if I can do something on my own then I should just do it on my own. As I look back on my past, I realized that even though help has been offered so many times in so many different situations I have always preferred to do things on my own.            I realized that my coffee shop sessions were merely my planning and organizing phase. It is at these times when I try to figure out if there’s anything I can do to resolve the problems I face. The coffee sessions alone are my version of private space. As I look around in the coffee shop I feel connected to the world yet at the same time I feel that I have my own space and time.            Having coffee alone, in my case, is not a sign of being a loner. Rather it is a sign of every individual belonging to the same world yet at the same time having his own little world to explore and contemplate on.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Epic of Beowulf - Contradictory Christian Elements in Beowulf Essay
Contradictory Christian Elements in Beowulf     In Beowulf the Christian element, which coexists alongside the pagan or heathen, sometimes in a seemingly contradictory fashion, is many faceted.  Certainly the Christian element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text for us to suppose that it is due to additions made by scribes at a time when the poem had come to be written down. The Christian element had to be included by the original poet or by minstrels who recited it in later times. The extent to which the Christian element is present varies in different parts of the poem. In the last portion (2200–3183) the number of lines affected by it amounts to less than four per cent., while in the section dealing with Beowulf’s return (1904–2199) it is negligible. In the earlier portions, on the other hand, the percentage rises to about ten percent (Ward v1,ch3,s3,n16). The Christian element is about equally distributed between the speeches and the narrative.  While the poet’s reflections and characters’ statements are mostly Christian, the customs and ceremonies, on the other hand, are almost entirely heathen/pagan. This fact seems to point to a heathen work which has undergone revision by Christian minstrels. In the case of cremation mentioned in reference to Hildeburh’s family in The Finnsburh Episode and in relation to Beowulf at the end of the poem, which is the prevalent form of funeral rite found in the poem, this practice had probably passed out of use by the time the poem was starting to be Christianized, so such passages could not excite the repugnance among the Christian listeners in the audience.  The Christianity of Beowulf is of an indefinite and undoctrinal type. The minstrels ... ...dictory fashion; it is a many-faceted subject to study.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  Alexander, Michael, translator. The Earliest English Poems. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.  Bloom, Harold. â€Å"Introduction.†In Modern Critical Interpretations: Beowulf, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.  Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.  Frank, Roberta. â€Å"The Beowulf Poet’s Sense of History.†In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.  The Holy Bible, edited by dom Bernard Orchard. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966.  Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000    Â
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
How Effective Is Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell Tale Heart as a Gothic Horror Essay
‘How effective is Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell Tale’ Heart’ as a gothic horror? ’ The short story ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ was written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1843. It is written in first person in the past tense. The story opens in the middle of what seems to be a dialogue between the narrator and his audience. We learn that the narrator looks after an old man with a pale blue eye; he describes it as being like that of a ‘vulture’. We are told that the eye disturbs the narrator, for this reason the narrator decides to take the old man’s life. During the seven days before the murder, the speaker is extremely kind to his victim in the day time. However, in the night he would creep into the old man’s room awaiting the appearance of the ‘Evil’ eye. On the eighth night the old man wakes up, the eye causes the narrator to suddenly lash out and kill the old man. He ‘dismembers’ the corpse and stores it under the floor boards. The police visit his house due to a shriek heard by a neighbour. At first he is calm and sure of himself, but becomes increasingly nervous and seems to go insane. The narrator admits his crime to the police even though they have no apparent suspicions. The dark and mysterious setting of Poe’s story is typical of a gothic horror. We learn from early on that the narrator is actually the villain. He speaks directly to the reader, creating a personal bond which we do not share with any other character. We know very little about the victim which prevents us from empathising with him later on in the story. The narrator is a very complex character, he seems to have a distorted view of the world around him and we assume him to be mad. Madness is a popular theme of gothic horror and one of the reasons the story is so effective is because of the erratic way in which it is told. Some events of the tale seem to be unrealistic and this adds mystery to the horror. The main event of the tale, the murder, is also common in the gothic horror genre. Because of these links to a general tale of gothic horror, I believe Edgar Allan Poe’s ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ is very effective. Within the first paragraph I get the impression that the speaker is mad and disturbed. He accuses the audience of thinking he is mad by saying ‘why will you say that I am mad? This causes us to question his sanity because he has no reason to say this. Now that the theme of madness is fresh in our heads, as we continue to read the story the idea that the narrator is ‘mad’ comes to mind easily. I get the impression that he is insecure and possibly knows he is insane because he’s trying to persuade us otherwise. The narrator speaks at a very fast pace using disjointed sentences such as, ‘True! -nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous! ’ The vast amount of punctuation makes this sentence choppy and slow to read causing you to trip over what he is saying. This manner of dialogue reflects his frantic personality. Also, the narrators distorted view of things reinforces the horror genre. We assume that he has a distorted view because he expresses his ‘love’ for the old man yet soon explains his wishes to take his life. There is a paradox in this situation and shows us how scrambled his thoughts are. The idea of the narrator not thinking straight and being irrational excites the audience. It also adds to the effectiveness of the gothic horror. When I first read ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ I felt eager to find out the narrator’s later actions. This backs up my earlier idea of both the story and narrator being extremely effective as a gothic horror. When the speaker tells us he is going to ‘take the old man’s life’ our opinion of him changes. We begin to realise that he could be evil and cold hearted. He makes it clear that the old man has ‘never wronged’ him, this is strange because this would make the only reason for murder the man’s ‘diseased’ eye. This seems extremely unnecessary and cruel; this behaviour has a great link with gothic horror. Also, it is frightening to think that such a defect could motivate a murder. Suspense is built when the narrator rehearses the actions that lead up to the murder for seven nights. This suggests that he is incredibly meticulous. He is a perfectionist and is repeating his intended actions to ensure all runs smoothly. We could also get the impression that he is fearful of killing the old man. I think that he uses the fact that the eye isn’t open as an excuse not to kill the old man, he says ‘but I found the eye always to be closed; and so it was impossible to do the work’. This in fact, is a lie. It would have been much simpler to murder the old man whilst he was sleeping. When the narrator creeps into his room at night he is very slow and quiet. This ensures that he doesn’t see the eye and therefore doesn’t get enraged. This situation is extremely disturbing, it seems warped that the narrator would have such ruthless ideas but then be unable to follow them through. The speaker proudly tells us that in the day he treats the old man with courtesy and respect. In a way, this tells me that he is not a completely evil character; merely controlled by his impulses. On the other hand it could be perceived as the narrator being a good actor and sly. By being devious and two faced about the situation our opinion of the character changes. This is creepy because he is unpredictable; we are never quite sure when things are going to happen. On the eighth night, the narrator was more than usually cautious when entering the old man’s room. This immediately raises our suspicions and we begin to question why he has done this. It suggests that for some reason the narrator was apprehensive on that particular night. In the end, his over-cautiousness was his downfall because he accidently wakes the old man. This is disturbing because now the man is awake we assume that the murder will now take place. In the immediate build up to the murder the narrator describes in great depth what the old man is thinking. This implies to me that the speaker has experienced similar situations and can associate with the old man. It also could suggest that the narrator’s senses have been sharpened, as he tells us in the first paragraph: ‘the disease had sharpened my senses’. It gives us the idea that the narrator can tell what the old man is thinking. Hints of mind reading enhance the effect of this gothic horror because they are supernatural. Even though the old man wakes up, the darkness in the building gives the narrator confidence and adds to the effectiveness of the gothic horror. Darkness is often directly linked with evil and also the idea that anything can happen definitely adds to the tension and horror. Also, the possibility that if the old man hadn’t woken up, the cycle of the narrator watching the man sleep could have carried on forever is extremely creepy. The fact that we feel for the murderer more than the victim in this story is very strange. We would expect to pity the old man because we are told he is kind and has never ‘wronged’ the narrator. The fact he has a strange eye cannot be helped and is through no fault of his own. Although the reader is obviously shocked by what happens to the old man, there is no personal relationship between him and the reader because we know very little about him. I think that Edgar Allen Poe has done this on purpose so that we are more attached to the murderer, which is what makes this story particularly unusual. Moments before the narrator kills the old man, he claims to hear his heart beating. It is impossible to ‘hear’ someone else’s heart beat with human hearing so this is an extremely weird claim. A possible explanation for this is that the narrator is hearing his own heart due to nervousness. At the start of the story the narrator says that his hearing is extremely acute due to the ‘disease’. The fact that he uses the word ‘disease’ suggests that this extra hearing is a burden to him. This is true because he probably doesn’t want to hear the old man’s heartbeat. The motif of the heart beat is key to the story because, as shown by the title, it eventually is the undoing of the murderer. The imagery is also very scary and builds a great tension because we imagine the drumming of the heart in our heads. Eventually the speaker is driven to action by fear and kills the old man. This brutal murder is key to the story being classed as a gothic horror. We realise that he cares if anyone finds out about his deed and begin to understand that he is not genuinely insane; otherwise he wouldn’t have a perspective of people finding out and being prosecuted. His mind is hard to analyse because he is clever and obviously knows what he is doing. In a way this is more horrific that him being insane because it shows deep evil. Even though we can tell that the murderer is intelligent, the way he kills the old man is extremely clumsy. Suffocating him with a ‘heavy’ bed? Surely there are many less awkward, quieter ways in which he could have killed him? The idea that even an everyday item such as a bed can be used a murder weapon is extremely creepy. His method suggests that even though he is meticulous, he didn’t think enough about actually killing the old man. The narrator’s immediate response to the murder was that of pleasure; this is disturbing. As soon as the deed was done he ‘smiled gaily’. Also, the first thing he says is that ‘his eye would trouble me no more’; it’s like he is relieved. Normally I would be surprised by this guilt free response but by now it is unsurprising. We are familiar with the narrator’s lack of feeling and conscience. It is questionable why the narrator ‘dismembers’ the old man’s body. It is strange because as far as we know the narrator only has a problem with his eye. It could have been an act of precaution, even though this is unnecessary. Maybe the narrator saw it as a challenge? If this is true the idea of the narrator almost playing a game adds to the horror of the tale. We can tell that the narrator never saw the old man as a person, more of an object. Another possible reason could be that, because the narrator is so fastidious, he wanted everything to be neat and compact. This is very risky though because you would assume it would be a messy job. The narrator says there was no mess; could this once again be a distorted view of things? As the narrator goes about his gruesome task (dismembering the body) his tone of voice is very methodical and boastful. This suggests he is calm about the gory situation which is horrible. He does not elaborate the gore and we get the impression he is being very clean. We also get the impression that he is proud of his actions and the fact he has caught all the blood and prevented any possible mess. His tone has an effect on the reader; it dumbs down how disgusting his act is. He achieves this by not making a big deal of the details. The narrator’s initial response to the arrival of the policemen is fearless and vaguely smug. This creates an uneasy mood because we wonder if he will be found out. He ‘bade(s) the gentlemen welcome’ as if nothing is wrong. He is so confident he sits right above the spot where the old man is buried. This seems to be unnecessarily arrogant, which in the end is his own undoing. His attitude changes when the officers hang around for a long time; the narrator begins to feel they are mocking him. A lot of tension builds here because we can sense that something important is going to happen through the frantic situation. Tension is built up when the narrator begins to hear the heart beat again and believes the policemen can hear it too. This is physically impossible because the old man is definitely dead. Maybe it’s the murderer’s guilty conscience finally showing through! He starts pacing back and forth with ‘heavy strides’ but the heartbeat doesn’t stop. The tension continues to build as he raves and swears. He ‘swung the chair’ and ‘grated it upon the boards’. This is extremely horrific and it is even stranger that the policeman don’t seem to pay any attention. I think that his ravings may have been in his head but it’s hard to understand because of his distorted frantic view of everything. These hints of insanity constantly link back to the effectiveness of this gothic horror. I believe that this is a brilliant short story and I especially like the ending. It is unpredictable and exciting; not all of your questions are answered in the story and this makes your carry on thinking after you’ve finished reading. I wonder what happened to the murderer, and the heart beating still puzzles me. In conclusion, I believe that ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ by Edgar Allen Poe is an excellent gothic horror. It contains many key features of a good horror, the biggest being the narrator/murderer who is the mean part of the story. Also, the main event, the murder, definitely is pivatel to the gothic horror genre.
Monday, January 6, 2020
The Maternal Microbiome and Autism - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1859 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a series of development disorders which include autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger’s syndrome. Autism spectrum disorders are classically characterized by, among others, severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of social and behavioural development (5). Recently, numerous basic science studies in mice and epidemiological studies in humans have revealed a link between Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) and ASD phenotypes (2-4, 6). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Maternal Microbiome and Autism" essay for you Create order Furthermore, instances of MIA leading to ASD like phenotypes appear to be primarily linked to immune activation in the first 2 trimesters (7). Herein, we will review several recent studies that begin to elucidate the mechanism linking MIA and ASD as well as the key role played by the maternal micorbiota in driving these pathways. Hsiao et al. 2013, demonstrates GI barrier defects and microbiota alterations in the MIA model displaying offpsing with ASD-like phenotypes. Parrallelling epidemiological studies in humans that showed increased instances of IBD and other GI disorders were highly prevelant in ASD individuals (9). Investigators demonstrated that adult MIA offspring exhibited a number of similar GI defects, notably increased gut permeability as demonstrated by the translocation of dextran across the intestinal epithelium (8). The disbiosis of gut microbiota was also described in ASD individuals, and while a well defined ASD-assocaiated microbiota has not been established, rigorous examination of the composition of the ASD-associated microbiota revealed that while overall abundance of identified bacteria did not change, the alterations in the specific operational taxonomic units of both Clostridia and Bacteroidial were significant. Introduction of B. fragilis, which had been previously shown to emeleriat e colitis (15) was able to correct the intestinal permeability in MIA offspring. In addition, administration of B. fragilis restored MIA-associated increases in IL-6, which has been previoulsy shown to be increased in MIA mothers and offspring (6, 10). Treatment with B. fragilis not only decreased the GI defects in MIA offspring, it also acted to return the microbiota toxonomy toward a more â€Å"normal†composition, reducing the disproportionate ratios found in MIA offspring. In addition to restoring the normal microbiota composition B. fragilis treatment also reduced ASD-like behavioural abnormalities. Suggesting a link between the microbiome and CNS that is still largely unexplored. Next we examine the effect of the maternal microbiota on early postnatal immune system development as described by de Aguero et al.. Here investigators used gestation-only colonization and germ-free delivery to ensure that any change in neonatal immune composition was limited to encounters with the maternal microbiota only during gestation. At 14 days post-birth it was shown that elevated numbers of early post-natal intestinal innate leukocytes, specifically the NKp46+ROR?t+ ILC3 subpopulaiton, as well as intestinal F4/80+CD11c+ mononulcear cells (iMNC) were present in pups born to gestation-only colonized dams compared to germ-free controls. Counter to the innate leukocyte alterations seen in the germ-free animals, the adaptive immune composition of the neonates was not impacted. No difference was seen in T or B cell levels in the central or peripheral lyphoid organs as well as systemic CD4 or CD8 T cell numbers. Investigators went on to show significant changes to the transcription al programming in the intestinal epithelium. These transcriptional changes included upregulation of gene networks repsonsible for a wide range of intestinal functions that were previoulsy associated with post-natal colonization, indicating that maternal microbial colonization may shape not only the early post-natal immune response but intestinal epithelial development as well. Alterations to the NKp46+ ILC3 populations relied upon maternal antibodies, with the effect being successfully recapitulated through serum transfer from colonized to non-colonized dams. This effect was lost however when the serum was depleted of IgG, indicating an antibody driven mechanism. Interestingly, when antibody-deficient pregnant dams were transiently colonized the increase in NKp46+ ILC3, but not the F4/80+CD11c+ iMNC subpopulations was lost. This indicated that a different mechanism for the increase in iMNC was present. An extensive range of bacteria-derived molecules were shown to be transferred fro m the mother to the offspring as well. In short, it was determined that contrary to general concensus the early post-natal immune system, as well as intestinal development is shaped by interaction with the maternal microbiota. We will now examine this intertaction between maternal microbiota and the prenate, in the presence of inflammation, and its promotion of neurodevelopmental abnormalities (3) and autism like phenotypes (4). Both Choi et al. 2016, and Kim et al. 2017, describe the degenerative effects of IL-17a on neurodevelopment and the resulting ASD-like phenotypes in the offspring of mothers who underwent a Th17 inducing inflammatory response. In Choi, et al. 2016, it was shown that elevated levels of maternal IL-17a induced from MIA resulted in abnormal cortical development in offspring. Injection of a viral mimic, poly(I:C), during gestation resulted in elevated levels of IL-6, TNF?, IFN-?, and IL-1? almost immediately, followed by a strong increase inserum levels of IL-17a approximately 2 days later. It was previously shown that IL-6 is necessary for Th17 cell differentiation (10) and plays a key intermediary role in multiple neurological disorders (6). This was reinforced when IL-6 KOt mice fai led to to increase serum levels of IL-17a when injected with poly(I:C) and conversely when wild-type mothers injected with IL-6 showed greater IL-17a responses, validating IL-6 as a necessary upstream precursor to IL-17a. Increases in maternal circulating IL-17a resulted in augmentation of IL-17a receptor (IL-17Ra) in the fetal brain. Upregulation of maternal IL-17a resulted in abnormal cortical development which promoted ASD-like phenotypes such as repetitive and anti-social behaviors (4). Injections of IL-17a directly into the fetal brain in the absence of MIA resulted in similar but not identical abnormal cortical development suggesting that some pre-existing inflammation is necessary to fully reproduce the cortical disorganization seen in ASD-like offspring. ROR?t expression in maternal T cells was also shown to be necessary for the development of ASD-like phenotypes in MIA offspring, further supporting the hypothesis that a Th17 inducing inflammatory response is required to promote the ASD-like phenotype in mice. Finally, it was demonstrated that in the presence of inflammation either knock out of ROR?t espression or IL-17a-blocking antibody given to pregnant dams were able to rescue the ASD-like phenotype from MIA offspring. Indicating both may be effective therapeutic targets. Kim et al. 2017, was able to f urther elucidate this complicated interplay between inflammation, MIA, and pregnancy. Pregnant dams injected with poly(I:C) followed by treatment with vancomycin decreased the the proportion of Th17 cells in the intestine and reduced the levels of IL-17a in the maternal plasma. Segmented fillamentous bacteria (SFB) were identified as being both susceptibel to vancomycin (11) and greatly contribute to intestinal Th17 cell propogation (12). Naturaly occuring differences in SFB in different mice strains were used to validate this hypothesis. Showing SFB colonization resulted in an increase in pre-existing Th17 cells as indicated by a very rapid increase in plasma IL-17a levels. The complex link between the maternal microbiota, the maternal immune system, and their combined effects on the developing fetus is just beginning to be understood. Numerous avenues from which to pursue these relationships are apparent, and these datas point towards a few key points that have yet to be elucidated. The first being ROR?t and its dichotomous role. For instance, when expressed in NKp46+ ILC3 or iLT cells its role appears somewhat protective (13), compared to its role in T cells inducing pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation resulting in increased levels of IL-17a and the described effects on neurological development. Secondly the unique intestinal milieu of pregnancy and why it appears a necessary requirement for the secretion of key intermediary cytokines IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-23 upstream of IL-17a (3). Changes in the maternal microbiome have previously been shown to increase levels of Bacteroides and Staphylococcus species especially mothers with comorbidities (14). As aberrant ratios of Bacteriodes species were identified as a potential role player in MIA pathogenesis (2) it would be interesting perhaps to investigate if there is a hormonal effect at play here. References 1. Gomez de Aguero, M., S. C. Ganal-Vonarnburg, T. Fuhrer, S. Rupp, Y. Uchimura, H. Li, A. Steinert, M. Heikenwalder, S. Hapfelmeier, U. Sauer, K. D. McCoy and A. J. Macpherson (2016). The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science 351 (6279): 1296-1302. 2. Hsiao, E. Y., S. W. McBride, S. Hsien, G. Sharon, E. R. Hyde, T. McCue, J. A. Codelli, J. Chow, S. E. Reisman, J. F. Petrosino, P. H. Patterson and S. K. Mazmanian (2013). Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell 155 (7): 1451-1463. 3. Kim, S., H. Kim, Y. S. Yim, S. Ha, K. Atarashi, T. G. Tan, R. S. Longman, K. Honda, D. R. Littman, G. B. Choi and J. R. Huh (2017). Maternal gut bacteria promote neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring. Nature 549 (7673): 528-532. 4. Choi, G.B., Y. S. Yim, H. Wong, S. Kim, H. Kim, S. V. Kim, C. A. Hoeffer and D. R. Littman (2016). â€Å"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in m ice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring.†Science 351(6276): 933-939 5. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; Arlington, VA: 2000. 6. Smith, S. E., Li, J., Garbett, K., Mirnics, K., Patterson, P. H. (2007). Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(40), 10695-702. 7. Patterson P.H. (2009). Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behavioural Brain Research, 204:313–321. 8. De Magistris L, Familiari V, Pascotto A, Sapone A, Frolli A, Iardino P, Carteni M, De Rosa M, Francavilla R, Riegler G, Militerni R, Bravaccio C. (2010). Alterations of the intestinal barrier in patients with autism spectrum disorders and in their first-degree relatives. Journal Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition. 51(4):418-24. 9. Kohane, I. S., McMurry, A., W eber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., Bickel, J., Wattanasin, N., Spence, S., Murphy, S., Churchill, S. (2012). The co-morbidity burden of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. PloS one, 7(4). 10. Kuchroo, V. K. and A. Awasthi (2012). Emerging new roles of Th17 cells. European Journal of Immunology 42(9): 2211-2214. 11. Ivanov, I. I., Frutos, R., Manel, N., Yoshinaga, K., Rifkin, D. B., Sartor, R. B., Finlay, B. B., Littman, D. R. (2008). Specific microbiota direct the differentiation of IL-17-producing T-helper cells in the mucosa of the small intestine. Cell host microbe, 4(4), 337-49. 12. Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., Tanoue, T., Imaoka, A., Itoh, K., Takeda, K., Umesaki, Y., Honda, K., †¦ Littman, D. R. (2009). Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria. Cell, 139(3), 485-98. 13. Vonarbourg, C., Mortha, A., B ui, V. L., Hernandez, P. P., Kiss, E. A., Hoyler, T., Flach, M., Bengsch, B., Thimme, R., Hà ¶lscher, C., Hà ¶nig, M., Pannicke, U., Schwarz, K., Ware, C. F., Finke, D., †¦ Diefenbach, A. (2010). Regulated expression of nuclear receptor ROR?t confers distinct functional fates to NK cell receptor-expressing ROR?t(+) innate lymphocytes. Immunity, 33(5), 736-51. Kiel Peck Immunology 501: The Maternal Microbiome and Autism November 26, 2018 14. Maria Carmen Collado, Erika Isolauri, Kirsi Laitinen, Seppo Salminen. (2008). Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 88, Issue 4, 1 Pages 894–899. 15. Mazmanian, S. K., J. L. Round and D. L. Kasper (2008). A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 453: 620.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)